While hotels discriminated at the extensive margin (not serving Black customers at all), other businesses practiced intensive discrimination, accommodating Black customers but at a lower level of service. This is one reason why businesses (some begrudgingly) supported non-discrimination ordinances. Which of the following is not an example of an operating system. The existence of such listings make it clear that Black patrons could not take service for granted even outside of the South. Answer (Detailed Solution Below). And the profit maximizing firm will make more profit by being discriminatory. The Green Books (and their competitors) had a wide distribution among Black Americans in the middle of the 20th Century — reaching over two million consumers at their peak — because being in the wrong place could range from being very uncomfortable to having dire consequences.
If consumers have discriminatory tastes, they are willing to pay for discrimination. In this case, discrimination is economically rational and can persist in a free market. The Ohio State University. The federal ban on racial discrimination in public accommodations, which came with the Civil Rights Act of 1964, eliminated the opportunity to profit from this type of racial discrimination and ended the need for Green Books — just one edition was published after the Civil Rights Act. A historical analysis shows that federal policy was required to overcome the pervasive discriminatory practices of that time. Competitors who are not limited by these restrictions would have higher profits and, eventually, drive the discriminator out of business. As a share of businesses, however, Green Book businesses were relatively rare. Which of the following is not considered. One rich source of information that captures the nature and extent of discrimination in public accommodations experienced by Black Americans are national directories of businesses that provided safe and dignified service to Black patrons. Candidates can take the Bihar CET mock tests to check their performance. Detailed SolutionDownload Solution PDF. Following this logic, many economists, most famously Milton Friedman, argued that government intervention was not needed to stop discrimination since the market would solve the problem. Thus from the above-mentioned points, it is clear that a librarian is not an example of a physical infrastructure of a school. It is heavily commingled with our ideas about citizenship, as full participation economically is really highly correlated with our full political participation.
In this case, the market offers no solution at all—in fact, discrimination is profitable. The market solution when discrimination is driven by the tastes of consumers is neither a fair nor just one, and market intervention is needed to end this practice. However, when discrimination is driven by consumers' preferences to not interact with certain groups of people, this reasoning no longer holds. The online application can be done from 20th Feb to 15th March 2023. The most famous are the Negro Motorist Green Books, published by Harlem postal worker Victor Green and his associates, which were travel guides for Black travelers published from 1936 to 1966. The exam will be conducted on 8th April 2023. The term 'physical infrastructure' refers to the physical facilities of a school. Can Discrimination Thrive in a Free Market? | Econofact. Similarly, there is an argument that a business that refuses to serve specific groups limits its potential customer base. Access to public accommodations in a capitalist society like the United States is not just about the transactions and services available. In North Carolina, for example, businesses worried that "if they served all races on an integrated basis … they will lose a sufficient percentage of their present patronage to the nonintegrated…establishments [and] cause a presently profitable [business] to operate at a loss.
The Administrative Block. Restaurants might only offer Black customers take-out orders and they were not allowed to eat in the restaurant. The experience of abolishing discrimination in access to public accommodations offers an important example of the power of federal legislation to end entrenched practices of discrimination, which continues to be relevant today. These forms of discrimination impeded the economic lives and freedoms of Black Americans. It was not only that it forced them to treat all customers equally, it also required their competitors to do the same. Business owners worried that serving Black customers on an equal basis with whites would alienate white customers who harbored racial prejudices and that the losses from white consumers could outweigh the gains from serving Black customers. In new research using the location of the businesses in the Green Books, we find that, consistent with the nationwide practice of de facto racial discrimination, the majority of Green Book listings were actually outside of the South. Contrary to current perceptions, discrimination of Black Americans in public accommodations didn't just happen below the Mason-Dixon line. In theory, a business that refuses to employ people on the basis of their race, gender, religion or other characteristics deprives itself of a broader pool of talent and therefore is likely to have to pay higher wages or settle for lower-quality workers.
Interestingly, research from Gavin Wright finds that the fears by business owners that providing equal access to services to all consumers would lead to profit loss proved unfounded. The selected candidates will be eligible to enroll in the 2-year or the Shiksha Shastri Programme in universities across Bihar. So that they can enable students to participate in various activities related to work experience, painting, craftworks, music, etc.