But, when the requisite qualities are known, the materials may be selected and an artificial composition produced without difficulty. DEFILADING BATTERY: A battery placed on a raised parapet which offered some protection from artillery on a commanding height. That is, a projectile moving at a low velocity may be smashed up or flattened against the plate, while the same projectile fired at a higher velocity may go through the same plate almost uninjured. This is better than that formed in the spherical head, because the angle is less acute, and because the apex of the wedge, instead of being a fixed point throughout (the center of the sphere), moves along the axis of the projectile as it enters deeper and deeper into the target. The chemicals were kept separate until impact when the action of the chemicals upon each other caused a flame. STAND OF GRAPE: A projectile consisting of a cast iron bottom and top plate with a specific number (usually nine) of cast iron shot arranged in three tiers between them. Diameter of hole at bottom of recess,. By mid-war, however, Napoleons, Parrotts, and Ordnance Rifles accounted for more than three quarters of the light artillery pieces fielded by both armies. Several pieces of artillery used for action fighting. Its limited manufacturing facilities forced the Confederacy to field batteries consisting of four guns (usually pulled by four horses), usually consisting of guns of mixed caliber and mixed short-range and long-range capabilities, and usually assigned to infantry brigades. The effectiveness of American artillery, even at this early stage of American involvement, impressed Rommel. It does bring another factor to light; the effects of artillery fire. The advantages of air superiority during the European campaigns were crucial and that topic is well developed elsewhere. RING GAUGE: An iron ring with a wooden handle, used to determine the diameter of a spherical projectile. Replying in kind to American deployment of airborne artillery spotters was not an option for Axis forces.
The muzzle opening was chamfered, or beveled, to prevent abrasion and to facilitate loading. As the breaking up of the chilled shells may take place before the bursting-charge comes into operation, whereby the rending effect is considerably prejudiced, this material appears far less adapted for shells than steel. Their purpose was to replace disabled batteries or to move rapidly where the enemy was massing for an attack. List of artillery pieces. Those commanding batteries of both smoothbore and rifled pieces were able to fire four different types of projectiles, depending on the nature of the target. Organization, which were beginning to use independent artillery officers in. Sulphur was also needed to change gunpowder into the gas necessary to cause the projectile to move through the bore of the weapon. The common weapons used for siege and garrison batteries were 12-, 18-, and 24-pounder guns; 8-inch howitzers; 8- and 10-inch and Coehorn mortars.
One prong contains forks for the fuze-plug, and another one smaller forks for the water-cap. The advantage of dynamite over nitroglycerine lies altogether in the fact that the former is presented in another mechanical condition, more convenient and safer to use than the liquid form. ENDURANCE OF GUNS: The principal injuries caused by service are internal, arising from the separate action of the powder and the projectile. Artillery pieces for sale. The Russians were no. Batteries, under the command of a captain, were further broken down into sections. This allowed the expanding sabot of a fired projectile to engage the grooves and rotate. The fire of machine-guns, which can be used effectively at 1500 yards, may replace the employment of canister.
When guns are fired with an elevation, when the soil is sandy or gravelly, when the weather is dry, or the ground elevated, this construction is approved. The water-cap, shown in the drawing, is a plug of brass,. The cup is filled with a paste of mealed powder and spirits of wine or strong whiskey, and laid aside to dry; it is then covered with a small piece of paper, over which is pasted a cap of strong, water-proof paper, marked with the number of seconds the fuze burns to the inch. It was his duty to keep the limber full of ammunition, and to oversee replenishment of the caisson from the ammunition train when running low. FIELD AND MOUNTAIN AMMUNITION: The ammunition for field and mountain service in the United States service consists of shot for the 12-pounder gun; shells for the 12-pounder gun, 12-pounder mountain-howitzer, and 3- and 3 -inch rifle-guns; case-shot for the 12-pounder gun, 12-pounder mountain-howitzer, and 3- and 3 -inch rifle-guns; canister for the 12-pounder gun, 12-pounder mountain-howitzer, and 3- and 3 -inch rifle-guns. The cavity in shells should be as capacious as possible, so as to carry a large bursting-charge, but this will be controlled by the thickness which the head and walls must possess to give the necessary strength. We are informed that "guns have already been designed and could be readily made at Woolwich which would surpass the latter 100-ton gun in power to as great an extent as they themselves surpass the 38-ton service-gun. The M1 75mm pack howitzer, with a range of 8, 880 meters (5. Its shape is that of a thick circular disk; and a screw-thread is cut upon its edge, by which it is fastened into the fuze-hole of the projectile. Practically, the path of the projectile is found to result in a deviation increasing uniformly with the distance from the gun, and depending, as to its direction, on the first application. Windage causes irregularity in the flight of a projectile, from the fact of the elastic gas acting in the first instance on the upper portion of the projectile and driving it against the bottom of the bore. Horse Artillery – Action Front. With charges of , 1/3, , and 1/6, a projectile ceases to rebound from a wall of masonry when the angles formed by the line of fire and the surface of the wall exceed 20, 24, 33, 43 degrees, respectively. Buttons for the enlisted men were similar to the other branches except the shield on the eagle carried the letter "A". They are usually constructed in half-excavation of logs built up like a log-house, or of a framework in the manner shown in the drawing, the exterior side being of heavy logs placed vertically in juxtaposition, resting on a ground-sill and capped at top.
English models cost about 14 cents per pound. Considering it as synonymous with explosive reaction, it may defined as a chemical action causing the sudden or extremely rapid formation of a very great volume of highly expanded gas. If the projectile was unable to overcome yaw, it would tumble in flight, thus decreasing its accuracy and range. Their designs were well thought out and served America well and, in some cases, are still serving America's allies.
These two methods are sometimes called respectively those of initial tension and of varying elasticities. In this state the projectile is so compact that it may be fired without injury; while its resistance to a bursting-charge is so small that less than one ounce of powder is required to burst it. A battery may be with or without embrasures. It was ignited by pulling an attached rough wire quickly through a friction composition contained in a second tube. Weapons were raised to fire over the parapet. At fist a crack of this kind is scarcely perceptible, but it is increased by continued firing until it extends completely through the side of the piece. The fuze-plugs should be carefully inspected, and verified with gauges, and those rejected which have splits, knots, or worm-holes, or which have not the proper dimensions. In each counter-battery there should be at least as many guns as the defenses can bring to bear upon it; always enough to completely control the fire of the point counter-battered. Batteries or very specific lone units.
CHILL: A piece of iron introduced into a mold so as to rapidly cool the surface of molten metal which comes in contact therewith. So the General gave the order to Double Quick!!! MEALED POWDER: Powder which has been granulated to a fine size and grade. ORDNANCE AND ORDNANCE STORES: Generic terms which, for the artillery, encompassed all cannon, guns, howitzers, mortars, cannon balls, shot, and shells, for land service; all gun carriages, mortar beds, caissons, and traveling forges, with their equipments; all other apparatus and machines required for the service and maneuvers of artillery, in garrisons, sieges, or in the field; together with the materials for their construction, preservation, and repair. 25-inch mountain rifle (CS). CASEMATE: A bomb-proof vaulted chamber with an embrasure for cannons. CAP OF A CANNON: See Apron. Army's artillery refers to itself as the "King of Battle, " and its performance in Europe in World War II allowed it to rightfully claim that title. When the limber chest was emptied, a replacement was carried forward from the caisson, which was usually parked to the rear of the battery. The effect produced by this pressure will depend chiefly upon the form of the head of the projectile; therefore let us in the first place consider the effect upon a conoidal head. Before giving the round to the Number Two he would show the fuse to the Gunner. ROLLER CHOCK: See Chock. If a perfect combination-fuze can be made, none other would be required, as it would have the properties of the other two, capable of use separately or combined. After sponging he would use the rammer end of the tool to ram the next round down the bore, seating the charge in the breach of the gun.
FUZE BLOCK: See Fuze Measure. Such blisters are generally very small, and may be pricked and then hammered down, without affecting the fitness of the projectile for service. When the projectile was fired, the malleable cast iron sabot would expand into the grooves of the tube without breaking. Weight Of composition for 100 fuzes. The most favorable position is a gentle hillock, sloping gradually to the front and more abruptly to the rear, with a command over the ground occupied by the enemy of about 1 in 100. Such igniters are simple and easily made, and may be arranged for attachment to the fuze at the last moment before loading the gun, thereby avoiding all risk of accident in transportation, etc. Artillery usually fired. Earth is solidly packed upon the top and between the roof-logs, receiving the proper slope for the roofing-boards. The stores required for a vigorous bombardment are immense. These markings usually consisted of the number of the gun, the initials of the inspector, the initials of the foundry, the year of fabrication, the weight of the piece in pounds, the foundry number, and the letters "U. RE-ENTERING ANGLE: An angle which pointed inward, towards the work. In the navy, the percussion primer was composed of a quill tube, capped by a percussion wafer.
15-inch wire gun a pressure of 34 tons per square inch has obtained.
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