These notes include Glycolysis, Oxidation of Pyruvate, Krebs Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation, and Anaerobic Respiration. In prokaryotic cells, H+ flows from the outside of the cytoplasmic membrane into the cytoplasm, whereas in eukaryotic mitochondria, H+ flows from the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix. Directions: Watch Glycolysis: An Overview to see how glucose is broken down during the process of glycolysis.
ATP is a source of usable energy for cells and is the key energy molecule for all biological organisms. When you are hungry, how do you feel? I made these as a resource for my students to use while studying and do not use them as guided notes during my instruction, however, I did include a fill-in-the-blanks version for any teacher who'd prefer that style. What are the functions of the proton motive force? One possible alternative to aerobic respiration is anaerobic respiration, using an inorganic molecule other than oxygen as a final electron acceptor. Lipids and proteins can be broken down into molecules that enter the Krebs cycle or glycolysis at one of several places. Learning Objectives. This electron carrier, cytochrome oxidase, differs between bacterial types and can be used to differentiate closely related bacteria for diagnoses. 9.2 the process of cellular respiration answer key west. The cell lacks genes encoding enzymes to minimize the severely damaging effects of dangerous oxygen radicals produced during aerobic respiration, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or superoxide. Everything you want to read. Also, 2 molecules of NADH are made. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. With each rotation, the ATP synthase attaches a phosphate to ADP to produce ATP.
The remaining 2 carbon atoms react to form acetyl-CoA. For example, the number of hydrogen ions that the electron transport system complexes can pump through the membrane varies between different species of organisms. In each transfer of an electron through the ETS, the electron loses energy, but with some transfers, the energy is stored as potential energy by using it to pump hydrogen ions (H+) across a membrane. So each molecule of glucose results in two complete "turns" of the Krebs cycle. Biology 2010 Student Edition Chapter 9, Cellular Respiration and Fermentation - 9.2 - The Process of Cellular Respiration - 9.2 Assessment - Page 260 4a | GradeSaver. This represents about 36 percent of the total energy of glucose. If you like this these notes, you can follow these lin. The Krebs Cycle During the Krebs cycle, the second stage of cellular respiration, pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis is broken down into carbon dioxide.
ATP synthase (like a combination of the intake and generator of a hydroelectric dam) is a complex protein that acts as a tiny generator, turning by the force of the H+ diffusing through the enzyme, down their electrochemical gradient from where there are many mutually repelling H+ to where there are fewer H+. Therefore, electrons move from electron carriers with more negative redox potential to those with more positive redox potential. These nutrients enter your cells and are converted into adenosine triphosphate ( ATP). The electron transport system (ETS) is the last component involved in the process of cellular respiration; it comprises a series of membrane-associated protein complexes and associated mobile accessory electron carriers (Figure 8. The turning of the parts of this molecular machine regenerates ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) by oxidative phosphorylation, a second mechanism for making ATP that harvests the potential energy stored within an electrochemical gradient. Electron Transport System. The remaining 64 percent is released as heat. 9.2 the process of cellular respiration answer key largo. Now that we have studied each stage of cellular respiration in detail, let's take another look at the equation that summarizes cellular respiration and see how various processes relate to it: Explain the relationship between chemiosmosis and proton motive force. Denitrifiers are important soil bacteria that use nitrate and nitrite as final electron acceptors, producing nitrogen gas (N2).
By the end of this section, you will be able to: - Compare and contrast the electron transport system location and function in a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell. But how does the food you eat get converted into a usable form of energy for your cells? These electron transfers take place on the inner part of the cell membrane of prokaryotic cells or in specialized protein complexes in the inner membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. The potential energy of this electrochemical gradient generated by the ETS causes the H+ to diffuse across a membrane (the plasma membrane in prokaryotic cells and the inner membrane in mitochondria in eukaryotic cells). For a protein or chemical to accept electrons, it must have a more positive redox potential than the electron donor.
Under aerobic conditions (i. e., oxygen is present), the pyruvate and NADH molecules made during glycolysis move from the cytoplasm into the matrix of the mitochondria. There pyruvate feeds into the next stage of respiration, which is called the citric acid cycle (or Krebs cycle). Electron transport is a series of chemical reactions that resembles a bucket brigade in that electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed rapidly from one ETS electron carrier to the next. Chemiosmosis, Proton Motive Force, and Oxidative Phosphorylation. Cellular respiration is often expressed as a chemical equation: This equation shows that during cellular respiration, one glucose molecule is gradually broken down into carbon dioxide and water. Great for middle school or introductory high school courses. Because the ions involved are H+, a pH gradient is also established, with the side of the membrane having the higher concentration of H+ being more acidic. Pages 12 to 22 are not shown in this preview.
Do both aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration use an electron transport chain? Smaller electrochemical gradients are generated from these electron transfer systems, so less ATP is formed through anaerobic respiration. I tried my best to visually layout the metabolic pathways of Cellular Respiration for my AP Biology students. If you are like most people, you feel sluggish, a little dizzy, and weak. The Advantages of Glycolysis Glycolysis produces ATP very fast, which is an advantage when the energy demands of the cell suddenly increase. Overall, 2 molecules of ATP are produced. 2 ATP are usually required to bring the pyruvic acid into the matrix. Glycolysis Glycolysis - first stage of cellular respiration. Glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, which becomes a reactant in the Krebs cycle. Weakness is your body's way of telling you that your energy supplies are low. For example, the gram-negative opportunist Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the gram-negative cholera-causing Vibrio cholerae use cytochrome c oxidase, which can be detected by the oxidase test, whereas other gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae, like E. coli, are negative for this test because they produce different cytochrome oxidase types. Electron Transport Energy generated by the electron transport chain is used to move H+ ions against a concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane and into the intermembrane space. The NADH carries high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain, where they are used to produce ATP.
The energy of the electrons is harvested to generate an electrochemical gradient across the membrane, which is used to make ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration. The cell lacks a sufficient amount of oxygen to carry out aerobic respiration. There is an uneven distribution of H+ across the membrane that establishes an electrochemical gradient because H+ ions are positively charged (electrical) and there is a higher concentration (chemical) on one side of the membrane. Equation for Cellular Respiration. We have just discussed two pathways in glucose catabolism—glycolysis and the Krebs cycle—that generate ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation. At the end of the electron transport chain, the electrons combine with H+ ions and oxygen to form water. The number of ATP molecules generated from the catabolism of glucose varies. Directions: Watch The Citric Acid Cycle: An Overview to see how pyruvate is broken down during the citric acid cycle. Energy Extraction Citric acid is broken down into a 5-carbon compound and then a 4-carbon compound. Beyond the use of the PMF to make ATP, as discussed in this chapter, the PMF can also be used to drive other energetically unfavorable processes, including nutrient transport and flagella rotation for motility.
The tendency for movement in this way is much like water accumulated on one side of a dam, moving through the dam when opened. You're Reading a Free Preview. Reward Your Curiosity.
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The Postal Service was created over 200 years ago and is the largest agency in terms of employees, currently employing nearly 1 Million people. Donate a Vehicle: Visit our vehicle donation page for more information about how donating a vehicle can help change lives. Condemnation/Eminent Domain. Skip to Main Content. We sell full stamp booklets as well as stamp sheets to help handle your mailing needs all in one place. Nearby Post Offices: Atlantic Beach. There are 82 Post Office opportunities available in Morehead City, NC all with unique requirements. Before he could even finish telling her what he was there for, she just blurted out, it's not here. Business Reply Mail Account Balance. For any voting questions or information call the Carteret County Board of Elections at 252-728-4583. Post office workers also assist public with filling out forms, stamp purchases and assist customers obtaining postal identification cards. Their profile includes traditional and mobile directions, maps, reviews, drop-off and pick up hours (where available), and their phone number. First Professional - FedEx.