Conversely, the federal government occasionally challenges state policies on constitutional grounds, as in the Justice Department's ongoing effort to prevent Arizona from enforcing federal immigration laws. Concludes, "The quarrel was fundamentally one between aristocracy and democracy. " The economic interests of the five southern states, however, are totally different from those of the eight northern states, which will have a majority in both houses of Congress. Much of the differences between the modern evidence and the evidence found in the traditional historical literature is a matter of the approach taken, as well as the questions asked, rather than a matter of arriving at fundamentally different answers to identical questions. During the four months the delegates had spent putting the Constitution together, there were some strong disagreements. Congress, too, makes decisions by the electoral calendar and grants exemptions, but with vastly less precision and subtlety; indeed, many of the executive waivers and postponements have been issued unilaterally, without any basis in the statutes. That document, and the new government that emerged from it, would in large part owe their very survival to Alexander Hamilton. 950 (DC), 1995 U. S. Dist. In May 1787, the democratic government that had emerged from the American Revolution was only eight years old.
Grunseth v. 333, 336 (D. 1994). But though some things have become abundant, others remain incorrigibly scarce. Why did they include a prohibition on state paper-money issues in the Constitution? The modern evidence attests to the paramount importance of the specific political actors involved in the American constitutional founding. Many more of our presidents have come from the state houses than from Congress. Less than a week before the convention ended, George Mason wrote a list of objections on his copy of the draft of the Constitution. In a civil case, where the privilege is recognized and a prima facie case of privilege has been established, the balance favors shielding confidential information from discovery. At the same time, when dispatch is called for — as in response to a crisis or foreign threat — our system has proved as energetic and decisive as any parliamentary model. But they also assumed that they were writing a Constitution for a "commercial republic" in which the government's role was to protect private property and promote free enterprise. Specifically, the party seeking disclosure must show there is no other practical way of accessing the information, all other potential sources have been exhausted, and the information is crucial to the party's claims or defenses. Day after day, hour after hour, the eloquent attorney spoke, hammering away at the Anti-Federalists' arguments.
The modern economic history of the Constitution indicates that Charles Beard's economic interpretation has not yet been refuted. Farrand, Max, editor. With respect to interstate trade, Gary M. Walton and James F. Shepherd (1979) suggest "the possibility of such barriers [to interstate commerce] loomed as a threat until the Constitution specifically granted the regulation of interstate commerce to the federal government" (pp. Id., quoting Zerilli v. Smith, 656 F. 2d 705, 714 (D. Cir. How did this fundamental change come about? Were, for example, the slaveholdings of the founders a significant factor in their behavior? The system requires continuous cooperation in both the design and execution of policy — cooperation that can be given or withheld according to each partner's interests and ambitions. The estimated logistic regression produces for each explanatory variable an estimated coefficient that captures the influence (its direction and magnitude) of the explanatory variable on the probability of a founder voting in favor of the issue being estimated, holding the influence of all other explanatory variables constant. Competition is an elemental fact of life. We conclude that the statute requires that the particular injustice be identified. "
By protecting the reporter, the privilege protects the press's access to information. Davis v. Glanton, 705 A. Most of the delegates argued for the adoption of the Constitution, although many had reservations about all or parts of it. Without the privilege, sources would be less willing to provide information for fear of retribution or embarrassment. In February 2003, when the U. S. space shuttle Columbia disintegrated on re-entry, the disaster was known instantly and its cause (shedding rocket insulation on launch) was revealed within hours. In Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Commission, a district court found that in civil cases, the public interest in non-disclosure of a journalist's confidential sources outweighs the public and private interest in compelled testimony. States provide the national electorate with a candidate pool that is more variegated and seasoned than in nations with unitary, non-federalist governments. The essay was concerned with the problem of factions — what today we call special-interest groups — which it considered the gravest threat to democratic government.
In Liebhard v. Square D Co., No. But it has not touched Dodd-Frank, Obamacare, or other major statutes that delegate the power to make policy to the executive agencies. Criden, 633 F. 2d at 355-56; Riley, 612 F. 2d at 714; Transcript of January 22, 2016 Hearing at 38:15-25, In re: Molycorp, Inc., No. As the court stated in Zerilli v. 2d 705, 712 (1981): 'Every other circuit that has considered the question has also ruled that a privilege should be readily available in civil cases, and that a balancing approach should be applied. ' A useful preliminary study, reexamining the adoption of the Constitution employing the methods of modern economic history. Commercial Interests. Except in defamation cases, the person seeking to compel disclosure must show "that there is a compelling and overriding interest requiring the disclosure of the information where the disclosure is necessary to prevent injustice. " Today's scholars consider "The Federalist" classics of political literature. The essays were churned out at a remarkable pace, especially considering the rational, learned, and eloquent defense of the Constitution that Hamilton and co-writers developed. Select one of George Mason's objections and explain what remedies our constitutional government provides for the problem he identified. Because the identity of a source is absolutely privileged, the D. shield law does not require a balancing of interests if sources are at issue. They appeared in book form in the spring of 1788 and it was soon after revealed that Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay collectively wrote them.
Why did our nation's Founding Fathers replace the Articles of Confederation, our first "constitution, " with the United States Constitution? The author, as counsel for the newspaper, argued in response that in Davis v. Alaska the Confrontation Clause was balanced against a statutory prohibition against allowing juveniles to testify, whereas in the Pruett case, the Confrontation Clause was being balanced against a reporter's privilege that also derived from the Constitution—and specifically the First Amendment—not simply from a statute. The list was later printed as a pamphlet during the ratification debate. Nor does it mean that some "conspiracy among the founders" or some fatalistic concept of "economic determinism" explains the Constitution.
With respect to ratification, the quantitative evidence indicates that the magnitudes of the influences of the economic and other interests on the ratification votes were even more considerable than for the Philadelphia convention. Other scholars have argued that the limitations of the Articles could have been eliminated without fundamentally altering the balance of power between the states and the central government. 1999); Massachusetts v. McDonald, 6 Med. The elements include: 1) whether the movant has exhausted alternative sources of the information; 2) the importance of protecting confidentiality in the circumstances of the case; 3) whether the information sought is crucial to plaintiff's case; and 4) whether plaintiff has made a prima facie case of defamation. L 4 BLK 7 MAR LEE MANOR FLG NO 4 L 13 14 BLK 7 BELLEVUE PARK L 25 26 BLK 3.
This could ruin the southern states' economies. 04-3168, 2009 U. LEXIS 26806, at *13 (C. Ill. April 1, 2009) (factors included civil or criminal nature of case, availability of information from other sources and burden of production on press). Virginians were also unsettled about the planned location of the federal capital in New York. Robert A. McGuire, University of Akron. Nevertheless, the court denied the motion to compel otherwise-privileged information because the plaintiffs had not persuaded the court of an "overriding public interest" in disclosure. In this environment, both Congress and the president have discovered that they can respond to the growing profusion of political demands through the expedient of delegation — and that doing so is advantageous for each branch, so long as the other cooperates. Reputably the best source of information concerning what took place at the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention in 1787. Course Hero member to access this document. Western landowners also were often impatient with the federal government because of its inability to establish order on the frontiers.
6 Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle connect to many other metabolic pathways. Glycolysis is exergonic and produces 2 ATP (net). Electrons drop in free energy as they pass down the electron transport chain. Efficiency of respiration is 7. Chemiosmosis in chloroplasts also generates ATP, but light drives the electron flow down an electron transport chain and H+ gradient formation. Hence there are a total of 9 radial spokes. These pigments are responsible for trapping light energy for photosynthesis. Explain how oxidative phosphorylation-production of ATP using energy from the redox reactions of a spatially organized electron transport chain followed by chemiosmosis is an example of how new properties emerge at each level of the biological hierarchy. Several steps in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are redox reactions in which dehydrogenase enzymes transfer electrons from substrates to NAD+, forming NADH. Lab 9 cellular respiration answers. Considering the role of Coenzyme Q, critique this claim. Its function is to break the large free energy drop from food to oxygen into a series of smaller steps that release energy in manageable amounts. That's what glycolysis does, right there. More specifically, it relates to the generation of ATP by the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane during cellular respiration. But this is all cellular respiration is.
They are the carriers of the genetic material of a cell. The remaining two-carbon fragment is oxidized to form acetate. Chloroplasts||Present only in plant cells and contains a green-coloured pigment known as chlorophyll.
The citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. So this is when you don't have oxygen. According to cell theory postulates, a cell is the basic building block of life, which makes anything alive and is self-sufficient to carry out all the fundamental functions of an organism. When ATP levels are high, inhibition of this enzyme slows glycolysis. And what's getting oxidized and what's being reduced. Terms in this set (40). Cellular respiration lab answer key. Alcohol fermentation by yeast is used in brewing and winemaking. The C6H12O6 is first phosphorylated by an enzyme (hexokinase) in the cytoplasm.
You know, these things are all bonded to other things, with oxygens and hydrogens and whatever. AP®︎/College Biology. The core part of the centriole is known as a hub and is proteinaceous. Provide shape and rigidity to the plant cell and h elp in digestion, excretion, and storage of substances. Question: In the 1930s, some physicians prescribed low doses of a compound called dinitrophenol (DNP) to help patients lose weight. But that's just a side thing. The waste product, lactate, may cause muscle fatigue, but ultimately it is converted back to pyruvate in the liver. Peroxisome||A membrane-bound cellular organelle present in the cytoplasm, which contains the reducing enzyme. It can occur with oxygen or without it. Maybe I'll write that down here. Catabolism can also harvest energy stored in fats. Then those byproducts are split even more in the Krebs cycle, directly producing two ATPs.
A redox reaction that relocates electrons closer to oxygen, such as the burning of methane, releases chemical energy that can do work. So the whole point is really to go from glucose, from one mole of glucose-- and the textbooks will tell you-- to 38 ATPs. Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt. Most of the chemical energy is transferred to NAD+ and FAD during the redox reactions. They contain various enzymes and proteins and can be visualized only under the electron microscope.
Golgi apparatus||Membrane-bound, sac-like organelles, present within the cytoplasm of the eukaryotic cells. Under aerobic conditions, NADH transfers its electrons to the electron transfer chain, recycling NAD+. You might be familiar with the idea of aerobic exercise. When methane reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, electrons end up farther away from the carbon atom and closer to their new covalent partners, the oxygen atoms, which are very electronegative. In the energy investment phase, the cell invests ATP to provide activation energy by phosphorylating glucose. The cytoskeleton matrix is composed of different types of proteins that can divide rapidly or disassemble depending on the requirement of the cells. How do you think this product might function to benefit the heart? How does the inner mitochondrial membrane generate and maintain the H+ gradient that drives ATP synthesis in the ATP synthase protein complex?
Web Site Navigation. Rather, glucose and other fuels are broken down in a series of steps, each catalyzed by a specific enzyme. Also refer to the Difference Between Cell Membrane and Plasma Membrane. Involved in the metabolism of lipids and catabolism of long-chain fatty acids. Therefore, these two NADH molecules produce 2 molecules of ATP only, instead of the usual 3... (6 votes).
Which provide the plants with their characteristic color – yellow, orange, red, etc. We need to be reasonably warm in order for our cells to operate correctly. The primary function of the nucleus is to monitor cellular activities including metabolism and growth by making use of DNA's genetic information. More ATP is generated from the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle. It functions as the selectively permeable membrane, by permitting the entry of selective materials in and out of the cell according to the requirement.
Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can all be used as the fuel, but it is most useful to consider glucose. The quantity of energy in ATP is more appropriate for the level of work required in the cell. But there's a huge variation here and people are really still studying this idea. And this requires oxygen.